This quick reference lists commands, including a syntax diagram
and brief description. […] indicates an optional part of the
command. For more detail, use:
man
command
Use
man tcsh for the command language.
1. Files
1.1. Filename Substitution
Wild Cards
? *
Character Class (c is any single character)
[c…]
Range
[c-c]
Home Directory
~
Home Directory of Another User
~user
List Files in Current Directory
List Hidden Files
ls [-l]ls -[l]a
1.2. File Manipulation
Display File Contents
cat filename
Copy
cp source destination
Move (Rename)
mv oldname newname
Remove (Delete)
rm filename
Create or Modify file
pico filename
1.3. File Properties
Seeing Permissions
ls -l filename
Changing Permissions
chmod nnn filename
chmod
n
(owner), group, and others (public), respectively.
c=p…[,c=p…] filename, a digit from 0 to 7, sets the access level for the userc is one of:
u
access,
Setting Default Permissions
ugo
permissions for the user, group, and others, respectively.
Changing Modification Time
–user; g–group, o–others, or a–all. p is one of: r–readw–write access, or x–execute access.umask ugois a (3-digit) number. Each digit restricts the defaulttouch filename
Making Links
ln [-s] oldname newname
Seeing File Types
ls -F
1.4. Displaying a File with less
Run
less less filename
Next line
RETURN
Next Page
SPACE
Previous line
k
Previous Page
b
1.5. Directories
Change Directory
cd directory
Make New Directory
mkdir directory
Remove Directory
rmdir directory
Print Working (Show Current) Directory
pwd
2. Commands
2.1. Command-line Special Characters
Quotes and Escape
Join Words
"…"
Suppress Filename, Variable Substitution
'…'
Escape Character
\
Separation, Continuation
Command Separation
;
Command-Line Continuation (at end of line)
\
2.2. I/O Redirection and Pipes
Standard Output
>
(overwrite if exists)
>!
Appending to Standard Output
>>
Standard Input
<
Standard Error and Output
>&
Standard Error Separately
(
command > output ) >& errorfile
Pipes/ Pipelines
command | filter [ | filter]
Filters
Word/Line Count
Last
Sort lines
Multicolumn Output
wc [-l]n Lines tail [-n]sort [-n]pr -t
List Spelling Errors
ispell
2.3. Searching with
grep
grep
command
Command grep "pattern" filename| grep "pattern"
Search Patterns
beginning of line
^
end of line
$
any single character
.
single character in list or range
[…]
character not in list or range
[^…]
zero or more of preceding char. or pattern
*
zero or more of any character
.*
escapes special meaning
\
3. C-Shell Features
.
3.1 History Substitution
Repeat Previous Command
!!
Commands Beginning with
str !str
Commands Containing
All Arguments to Prev. Command
str !?str[?]!*
Word Designators
All Arguments
:*
Last Argument
:$
First Argument
:^
n'
th Argument :n
Arguments
x Through y :x-y
Modifiers
Print Command Line
:p
Substitute Command Line
:[g]s/l/r/
3.2 Aliases
alias
Command alias name 'definition'
definition
and
word designators as placeholders for command-line arguments.
can contain escaped history substitution event
3.3. Variable Substitution
Creating a Variable
set var
Assigning a Value
set var = value
Expressing a Value
$var
Displaying a Value
value
expression that results in a single word after variable,
filename and command substitution takes place.
Assigning a List
list
results in a space-separated list.
Selecting the
Selecting all Items
echo $varis a single word, an expression in quotes, or anset var = (list)is a space-separated list of words, or an expression thatn'th Item $var[n]$var
Selecting a Range
Item Count
$var[x-y]$#var
3.4
foreach Lists
Start
foreach Loop foreach var (list)
foreach
list (with
stands for the current item in
prompts for commands to repeat for each item in>), until you type end. Within the loop, $varlist.
3.5. Command Substitution
Replace Command with its Output on Command Line
`…`
3.6 Job Control
Run Command in the Background
&
Stop Foreground Job
CTRL-Z
List of Background Jobs
jobs
Bring Job Forward
Resume Job in Background
%[n]%[n] &
4. Processes
Listing
ps [-[ef]]
Terminating
kill [-9] PID
Timing
time
containing the command line(s) to perform.
time commandis a number up to 4 digits. script is the name of a file
5. Users
Seeing Who is Logged In
w
who
Seeing Your User Name
whoami
6. Managing Files
6.1. Looking Up Files
Standard Commands
whereis file
Aliases and Commands
which command
Describe Command
whatis command
Searching Out Files
find dir -name name -print
dir
is a directory name within which to search.
name
is a filename to search for.
6.2. Finding Changes
Comparing Files
diff leftfile rightfile
diff
prefixes a less-than (<) to selected lines from leftfile
and a greater-than (
>) to lines from rightfile.
6.3. Automating Tasks
Create a Makefile
pico Makefile
A makefile consists of macro definitions and targets.
Test Makefile
Run
make -n [target]make make [